El universo está lleno de galaxias que, a gran escala, muestran un patrón filamentoso llamado red cósmica. Esta distribución heterogénea de materia cósmica es, en cierto modo, como los arándanos en un pastelito, donde la materia se concentra en ciertas áreas pero puede faltar en otras.
Sobre la base de una serie de simulaciones, los investigadores han comenzado a explorar la estructura heterogénea del universo al ver la distribución de las galaxias como una colección de puntos, como las partículas individuales de materia que componen la materia, en lugar de una distribución continua. Esta técnica ha permitido la aplicación de las matemáticas desarrolladas para la ciencia de los materiales para cuantificar el desorden relativo del universo, lo que permite una mejor comprensión de su estructura fundamental.
«Lo que descubrimos fue que la distribución de las galaxias en el universo es bastante diferente de las propiedades físicas de la materia ordinaria, con su propia firma», explicó el coautor del estudio, Oliver Philcox.
Este trabajo ya está publicado. Examen físico X:moderado por Salvatore Torquato, miembro frecuente y miembro visitante del Instituto de Estudios Avanzados y profesor Lewis Bernard de Ciencias Naturales[{» attribute=»»>Princeton University’s departments of chemistry and physics; and Oliver Philcox a visiting Ph.D. student at the Institute from September 2020 to August 2022, now a Junior Fellow in the Simons Society of Fellows, hosted at Columbia University.
Esta visualización presenta una vista en 3D de las estructuras más grandes del universo. Comienza con datos del Sloan Digital Sky Survey y se acerca para revelar datos de WMAP. Crédito:[{» attribute=»»>NASA/University of Chicago and Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum
The pair analyzed public simulation data generated by Princeton University and the Flatiron Institute. Each of the 1,000 simulations consists of a billion dark matter “particles,” whose clusters, formed by gravitational evolution, serve as a proxy for galaxies.
One of the main results of the paper concerns the correlations of pairs of galaxies that are topologically connected to one another by means of the pair-connectedness function. Based on this—and the array of other descriptors that arise in the theory of heterogeneous media—the research team showed that on the largest scales (on the order of several hundred megaparsecs), the universe approaches hyperuniformity, while on smaller scales (up to 10 megaparsecs) it becomes almost antihyperuniform and strongly inhomogeneous.
“The perceived shift between order and disorder depends largely on scale,” stated Torquato. “The pointillist technique of Georges Seurat in the painting A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (see image below) produces a similar visual effect; the work appears disordered when viewed up-close and highly ordered from afar. In terms of the universe, the degree of order and disorder is more subtle, as with a Rorschach inkblot test that can be interpreted in an infinite number of ways.”
Statistical tools, specifically nearest-neighbor distributions, clustering diagnostics, Poisson distributions, percolation thresholds, and the pair-connectedness function, allowed the researchers to develop a consistent and objective framework for measuring order. Therefore, their findings, while made in a cosmological context, translate to a number of other dynamical, physical systems.
This interdisciplinary work, combining the techniques of cosmology and condensed matter physics, has future implications for both fields. Beyond the distribution of galaxies, many other features of the universe can be explored with these tools, including cosmic voids and the ionized hydrogen bubbles that formed during the reionization phase of the universe. Conversely, the novel phenomena discovered about the universe may also provide insight into various material systems on Earth. The team recognizes that more work will be needed before these techniques can be applied to real data, but this work provides a strong proof-of-concept with significant potential.
Reference: “Disordered Heterogeneous Universe: Galaxy Distribution and Clustering across Length Scales” by Oliver H. E. Philcox and Salvatore Torquato, 14 March 2023, Physical Review X.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.13.011038
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